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It is the education gap caused by poverty, which itself is directly correlated to high population in areas with low resources.

Take example: Europe: exceedingly low population density, good resources (flat farm land and woodland mostly, coastal access, abundant in metals, coal and minerals). Leads to good education and mondey per capital. No slavery needed. More likely to be slave masters.

Take example: America: vast flat lands with superior farming techs, high quantities of oil, rich minerals. But medium-high population density, leads to less money per capital, but reinforced by superior technology. Thus, highier financial gap in society but average is still high.

Take example: Canada: vast tundra and snow. Low natrual resources. High tech and very low populations. Leads to being a G7 nation and high income per capital and good education.

Take example: Japan: small island with literally no natrual resources. High population density. Relys on high tech and commercialism. Huge economic gap between poor and wealthy. Good education but social problems.

Take example: China: Huge country with abundant iron, coal, gas resources. Agriculturally backwards, but relys on the shear number of farmlands. Population is 1/4 of the world and thus too high. Technologically high in military aspects but lacking in commercial and manufacturing capabilities. Thus unable to make the large amounts of money commercial exports yield. Cheap labour due to cheap living costs and does basic manufacturing for 1st world nations. Low average income per capital, huge economic gaps. Lacking laws to keep up with fast development. High social unemployment problems. Education remains good in urban areas as part of Chinese tradition. But few jobs even for graduates. Endangered by exploitation in rural areas.

Take example: Africa: Vast country mostly desert or barren landscapes. South Africa offers high concentration diamond and gold resources. However, technologically backwards people are under-developed due to a hundred years of foreign intervention. Un-settled and full of civil wars, repelling foreign powers, nationalism, and foreign powers fighting on their soils. Poor education and no technology leads to frequent bad harvests and civil wars, further undermining african development. Endangered by Exploitation.