Okay first, most quests do not have a time limit. Some specifically say how long you have to do them, others you can spend all the time you want. If an NPC has a quest, eg Nalia or Korgan and begins to complain about not doing it that's when you know you should go do it. You should be able to get Nalia back when you go do her keep quest.
If Minsc was disintegrated then he's gone for good. You can't get back a character killed by disintegration. If you really want him you'll need a previous save. The golden rib is part of a larger quest involving two more liches and I would advise waiting a while since I think you must be a reasonably low level.
You can continue doing sub-quests in chapter 3, then again in chapter 6, so don't fret about getting them all done in chapter 2 if you can't so them. I like to do my stronghold quest early so I can finish up all the quests associated with it after you get it, however if yours is the thieves' guild then there aren't really any quests to do related to it so it doesn't really matter when you do it.
Re Nalia's keep, remember to kill trolls permanently you need to kill them with fire or acid, use fire and acid arrows or melf's acid arrow/fire arrow/scorcher spells.
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